Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiographic success of endodontic treatment of infected primary teeth using combination of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline. Meterials and Methods: The treatment was performed on selected 60 teeth, which were randomly divided into two groups, viz. Group A and B with 30 teeth in each group. In Group A, only the necrotic coronal pulp was removed, whereas in Group B both necrotic coronal as well as all accessible radicular pulp tissue was extirpated. The orifice of the canal was enlarged in both the groups and was termed as "Medication cavity." The medication cavity was half-filled with antibacterial mix, sealed with glass-ionomer cement and reinforced with composite resin. Resolution of clinical signs and symptoms was evaluated within a month after the treatment. At every subsequent visit, clinical and radiographic evaluation was done once in 6 months for a period of one year. Results: Both the groups showed considerable clinical and radiographic success, but Group B showed greater clinical and radiographic success than Group A.

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, a rare inborn error of metabolism, is characterized by mental retardation and self-destructive behavior resulting in self-mutilation through biting and scratching. It is a rare anomaly consisting of deficiency in the production of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase that leads to the overproduction of purine and accumulation of uric acid. No medical treatment exists to alleviate the symptoms of self-mutilation where direct dental intervention is the only way these behavior can be affected. A unique case of this type affecting a 6-year-old male child is reported.

Objectives: Treating a carious tooth in children with high caries experience by providing a restoration does not cure the disease. If the unfavorable oral environment that caused the cavity persists so will the disease and more restorations will be required in future. Treating the oral infection by reducing the number of cariogenic microorganisms and establishing a favorable oral environment to promote predominantly remineralization of tooth structure over time will stop the caries process. The present study was conducted: (1) To evaluate the efficacy of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine mouth rinses on plaque Streptococcus mutans when used as an adjunct to restoration. (2) To compare the anti-microbial effect of 1% povidone-iodine and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinses on plaque S. mutans count. Study Design: Forty-five study participants in the age group of 6-12 years with dmft (decay component) of three or four were selected from one government school in Bangalore city. They were divided into three groups after the restorative treatment. Group-A, Group-B, and Group-C received 1% povidone-iodine mouth rinse, 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse and placebo mouth rinse, respectively, twice daily for 14 days. The plaque sample was collected and S. mutans count was estimated at six phases: (1) Baseline, (2) 3 weeks after restoration, (3) First day after mouth rinse therapy, (4) 15 days after mouth rinse therapy, (5) 1 month and (6) 3 months after mouth rinse therapy Results: After the restoration the percentage change in S. mutans count was 28.4%. Immediately after mouth rinse therapy there was significant reduction in S. mutans count in all the three groups. After which the count started to increase gradually and after 3 months the bacterial counts in the povidone-iodine group and placebo group were almost near the postrestorative count. Conclusion: Mouth rinses can be used as adjunct to restoration for short duration as temporary measure in reduction of S. mutans count and restorations provide longer effect. In case a mouth rinse has to be used, chlorhexidine can be recommended as it has shown to have better effect than Povidone-iodine and placebo.

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC) is a disease complex, where all the three embryonic layers appear to be involved. This disorder is also called as Chondroectodermal dysplasia. EvC is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutations in these patients. Mutations in the two genes EVC and EVC2, have been identified to cause the condition. It has been considered as a skeletal dysplasia with an incidence of approximately 1 out of 1,50,000 live births. A high prevalence has been reported among certain populations like Amish and Arabs of Gaza strip. There are more than 300 cases of EvC reported into the literature. About 50-60% of cases have been reported with congenital cardiac malformations.

Pyknodysostosis is a rare, genetic, autosomal recessive condition characterized by short stature, generalized bone sclerosis, and oral manifestations such as maxillary atresia and an increase of the mandibular angle. The main purpose of this article was to report a case of pyknodysostosis, describing the characteristic orofacial findings of the disease and discussing the differential diagnosis.

Dens invaginatus is a relatively rare developmental anomaly affecting usually the permanent maxillary lateral incisor. Various factors have been put forward regarding its pathogenesis. Involvement of crown/root has been reported as the coronal and radicular variety of dens invaginatus. One of the rarest variant is the Double dens invaginatus and only a few cases have been reported in the literature.This article focuses on a case of double dens invaginatus in an impacted maxillary anterior supernumerary tooth, the associated complications and its management

A 6½ year-old female child has been described. The condition is characterized by port wine stains in the body, massive gingival overgrowth, history of convulsive disorder, and dilated ocular vessels.

This case report showing a classical presentation of bilateral fusion of permanent mandibular incisors in a child patient for dental attention. Fusion defined as the merger of two adjacent tooth germs producing one tooth. These teeth may be fused by enamel, dentin, or both. The fused crown is broader than non fused adjacent teeth and thus resembles gemination. However, tooth counting reveals decreased numbers. Fused teeth are rare in the permanent dentition. The incisors are reported to be fused in primary and permanent dentition, but bilateral fusion is a rare occurrence. Hence the case report of bilateral fusion in an 11-year-old boy is presented.

Hemifacial microsomia is a congenital malformation in which there is a deficiency in the amount of hard and soft tissue on one side of the face. It is primarily a syndrome of the first branchial arch, involving underdevelopment of the temporomandibular joint, mandibular ramus, masticatory muscles and the ear. The affected ear may have an external soft-tissue malformation in addition to being lower set than on the contra lateral side. Hearing loss may result from underdevelopment of the osseous components of the auditory system and a diminished or absent external auditory meatus. Occasionally, second branchial arch defects involving the facial nerve and facial muscles coexist with Hemifacial microsomia. Radiographic examination in case of Hemifacial microsomia is of limited value because of superimposition of normal and abnormal bony structures. The skeletal and soft-tissue findings of a patient with Hemifacial microsomia who underwent three-dimensional computerized tomography is presented here to improve our knowledge and diagnostic skill of this uncommon entity.